Mountain Meadows massacre

The most tragic and disturbing event in Mormon history took place on 11 September, 1857, when approximately 120 men, women and children, travelling through Utah to California were massacred by a force consisting of Mormons and Southern Paiute Indians. The Mountain Meadow Massacre, as it is known, has remained a topic of interest and controversy as Latter-day Saints and historians struggle to understand this event, and the Church's detractors seek to exploit it for polemical purposes.

Setting the stage

On July 24th, 1847, the first party of Mormon pioneers entered the Salt Lake valley. Over the next two years, the bulk of the Church members who had been driven from Nauvoo, Ill. reached the valley. Great Salt Lake City was built, and under Brigham Young's direction, satellite settlements were established north, south and west of the city. The sites for these settlements were often chosen because of proximity to an important natural resource; one such resource was the iron ore deposits found in Iron County.

At the time of its first settlement, the region still belonged to Mexico, but was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, following the Mexican-American War. The Mormon Battalion, a volunteer force raised to fight in that war, marched to the Pacific coast and some of its members were involved in the discovery of gold in California.

The continuation of successful missionary work in the Eastern United States and Europe brought a steady influx of Mormon converts into Utah; the population continued to grow, and settlement expanded outward into Idaho and Canada, Nevada and California, and Arizona and Northern Mexico.

In 1850, Utah was established as a territory, with Brigham Young as its governor. Because of its territorial status, the federal government retained the right to appoint officials at various levels, in addition to actual federal offices that existed within the territory. While there were no doubt many honest public servants among them, a number of the federal appointees to both territorial and federal positions, including some judges, turned out to be both morally venal and abusive of the prerogatives of their offices. Scandals arose over the behavior of some of these men, who left the territory in disgrace. Rather than accept responsibility for their own failures, a group of them, upon returning to the East, published claims that they had been forcibly expelled, and that the Mormons were rebelling against federal authority.

In response to these claims, and as an attempt to check the growing popular appeal of the nascent Republican Party, U.S. President James Buchanan appointed Alfred Cumming as territorial governor and ordered federal troops to escort Cumming to Utah. Brigham Young, the incumbent governor, who had not been notified that he was to be replaced, prepared to defend the territory against the approaching army by adopting a "scorched earth" policy. Many of the Mormon settlers had experienced the hardship of being expelled from Missouri and Illinois, and were resolved not to be driven from their homes again. The mood in the territory was grim and determined. This conflict, known as the Utah War, was ultimately resolved peacefully; but it was into this tense atmosphere that the Fancher train, a party of emigrants from Arkansas to California, entered in August of 1857.

Commencing with the opening of Oregon Territory, and accelerated by the discovery of gold in California, large numbers of emigrants crossed the interior of the continent to the West Coast. Before the completion of the trans-continental railroad, overland travel was both difficult and dangerous. Native Americans, alarmed by the ever-increasing numbers of white settlers crossing their land, frequently attacked such groups, while the weather was often dangerous, winter coming early to the high country. For protection against all of these hazards, emigrants typically banded together in large parties called "wagon trains," as covered wagons of the "pairie schooner" type were the most typical vehicle. The climate made overland travel a seasonal affair, as emigrant parties would try to complete their crossings during the warm months.

The Mormon settlement of Utah provided important rest and reprovisioning points for overland travelers. One of the most widely used wagon trails to California branched off the Oregon trail in Northern Utah, and ran through Salt Lake City almost due south to join the Old Spanish Trail. Emigrants could purchase foodstuffs and other supplies from Salt Lake City and other towns, while their animals--both beasts of burden and any livestock--could find excellent grazing at a spot near Cedar City known as las Vegas de Santa Clara or the Mountain Meadows. It was common for emigrant parties to camp there for several days or even weeks while their animals gained condition for the gruelling desert crossings to come.

The main participants

(Introduce Lee, Klingensmith, Haight and Dame, and set out the composition of the Fancher party.)

The massacre

(The battle, the surrender, the murders.)

The aftermath: investigations and trial

(Look at official inaction, the eventual trial and execution of Lee.)

Polemical accounts

(Look at accusations that Brigham Young ordered the massacre, and other attempts to explain the massacre in terms of Mormon doctrine and culture. Examime claims that the Indian participants were white Mormons in fancy dress. Look into the "cover-up" allegations.)